Factors affecting dam passage and upstream distribution of adult Pacific lamprey in the interior Columbia River basin

Low dam passage rates of adult Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) during upstream spawning migration have been implicated in the species' steep decline in the interior Columbia River basin. In this 2000–2010 study, we used radiotelemetry to evaluate potential predictors of lamprey passage success at McNary Dam, located ~469 river kilometres (rkm) from the Pacific Ocean. The tagged population included 276 lampreys collected at McNary Dam and 53 collected at Bonneville Dam (rkm 235) that migrated to McNary Dam. McNary Dam passage efficiency was similar for the two samples, with multiyear estimates of 0.65 and 0.75, respectively. Larger‐bodied lampreys and those with earlier migration timing were more likely to return to McNary Dam after release, to pass the dam and to be detected upstream from McNary reservoir. Far more lampreys entered the upper Columbia River than the Snake River, suggesting that environmental cues (e.g., water discharge, temperature) or conspecific cues (e.g., pheromone concentrations) affect lamprey distribution above this large confluence. Overall, results indicate that Pacific lamprey passage success at barriers depends on a combination of individual lamprey traits plus seasonal and site‐specific effects on behaviour.     

Estimating thermal exposure of adult summer steelhead and fall Chinook salmon migrating in a warm impounded river

Rising river temperatures in western North America have increased the vulnerability of many Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations to lethal and sublethal risks. There is a growing need to predict and manage such risks, especially for populations whose life history or geography increases the likelihood of warm‐water exposure. We estimated thermal exposure of adult summer steelhead (O. mykiss) and fall‐run Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) as they migrated through a warm (often > 20 °C), 157‐km reach of the impounded Snake River, Washington. Archival temperature loggers and radiotelemetry were used to reconstruct thermal histories for 50 steelhead and 21 salmon. Encountered temperature maxima were mostly inside dam fishways and ranged from 15.8 to 24.0 °C (mean = 19.6 °C) for steelhead and from 18.0 to 21.6 °C (19.9 °C) for salmon. Behavioural thermoregulation was evident for ~50% of steelhead and ~30% of salmon in one of three reservoirs. Degree days (DDs) calculated from archival tags ranged from 74 to 973 DDs (median = 130) for steelhead and from 56 to 220 DDs (133) for salmon. Models using river temperature data and fish migration times accurately estimated total DDs for both species except some steelhead with extended thermoregulation. In a predictive application, we estimated exposure for 10,104 steelhead and 9071 Chinook salmon with passive integrated transponder‐tag detections at dams and found considerable DD variability across individuals, species and years. This estimation method, combined with baseline thermal surveys and existing monitoring infrastructure, can help to address long‐standing questions about how warm‐water exposure affects Snake River salmon and steelhead phenology, bioenergetics, physiology, survival and reproductive success.     

Using sprint swimming performance to predict upstream passage of the endangered Macquarie perch in a highly regulated river

Abstract Barriers to migration are a major threat to freshwater fish populations. A novel measurement of swimming speed performance and an analytical model were used to calculate the probability that endangered Macquarie perch, Macquaria australasica Cuvier, can swim through instream structures. Over the range of river discharges (2.7–166 ML day^?1) and temperatures (10–22 °C) examined, M. australasica could successfully pass through a rock‐ramp fishway and nearby natural riffles under most river discharges, whilst pipe culverts were passable only to large individuals (>17.7 cm total length) under a high river discharge. Cold water temperatures (below 16 °C) significantly reduced the likelihood of passage in each case. It was concluded that both the volume and thermal characteristics of environmental flow releases should be considered when assessing and remediating potential instream barriers to fish passage in regulated river systems.     

Behaviour of adult Pacific lamprey in near‐field flow and fishway design experiments

Abstract An experimental fishway was used to examine adult Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata (Gairdner), behaviour in a series of attraction and passage‐performance tests. Among all experiments, lamprey oriented to the fishway floor and walls and were attracted to both ambient and concentrated flow. When confronted with high‐velocity areas (vertical‐slot and submerged‐orifice weirs), many lamprey failed to pass upstream. However, lamprey were able to find and take advantage of low‐velocity refuges when they were provided. Lamprey climbed shallow‐ and steep‐angled ramps when attraction cues were sufficient and other passage routes were restricted. The combined results demonstrated the passage challenges that fishways designed and operated for salmonids present to non‐salmonid species. They also highlight the importance of evaluating trade‐offs between fishway attraction and passage efficiency. The experiments were integrated with tagging studies and development of lamprey‐specific passage structures, a research combination that provided an effective template for fishway performance evaluations.     

基于鱼类游泳能力的鱼道设计流速解析

短须裂腹鱼（Schizothorax wangchiachii）是黑水河流域生态修复重要的保护鱼类,为了使过鱼设施取得最佳过鱼效果,鱼类有更好的上溯路径,需要针对性探究过鱼对象的游泳能力指标;基于鱼道的水力学特性,对短须裂腹鱼感应流速、临界游泳速度、爆发游泳速度以及游泳耐力进行研究。结果表明,短须裂腹鱼的感应流速为（0.09±0.03）m/s,相对感应流速为（0.39±0.15）BL/s,流速0.04~0.14 m/s,趋流率（F）随流速（V）增大而显著增大,F=0.7576lnV+2.485（R2=0.97,P＜0.01）;临界游泳速度（Ucrit）为（1.41±0.18）m/s,相对临界游泳速度（U’crit）为（6.27±1.14）BL/s;递增流速法测得的爆发游泳速度(Uburst)为（1.83±0.23）m/s,相对爆发游泳速度(U’burst)为（7.95±1.04）BL/s;固定流速法测得爆发游泳速度为1.8 m/s,持续游泳速度为1.2 m/s,在1.2~1.8 m/s耐久游速区间,持续游泳时间（T）随游泳速度（V）增大而减小,lgT = -4.5015V+9.468 (R2=0.69,P＜0.01)。结合鱼道水力学特性,推荐鱼道最小流速为0.20 m/s,高速区流速小于1.44 m/s,鱼道进口部分流速为1.20~1.44 m/s,休息池段流速为0.20~1.16 m/s。     

Optimising Denil fishways for passage of small and large fishes

Abstract  An 8-m long experimental fishway was trialled at three different slopes [8.3% (1:12), 14.3% (1:7) and 20% (1:5)] to examine the potential of the single-plane Denil fishway for the passage of small- and large-bodied native fishes in Australia. Fish between 45 and 630 mm ascended the fishway. The lowest slope enabled the full size range of bony herring Nematalosa erebi (Günther), from 45 to 350 mm fork length, to ascend the fishway successfully as well as a higher numerical proportion; 88% at the 8.3% slope compared with 31% at the 20% slope (fish numbers per trial = 33–3936). These results dispel the notion that Denil fishways are inherently poor for small fishes. Manipulating the design parameters of slope, length, width and possibly depth-over-breadth ratio enables Denil fishways to pass a wide size range of fish, which may greatly extend their present application and enable them to make a greater contribution to the rehabilitation of diverse fish communities.     

曲线边壁竖缝式鱼道池室内部构造优化

为提高鱼道的过鱼效率,在曲线边壁竖缝式鱼道基础上增加内部构造,即在鱼道内壁和底板上布置辅助过鱼装置,组合而成6种不同布置方案,并对每种布置方案进行了相应的数值模拟和模型试验,探究不同布置方案的过鱼效果。结果表明：不同隔板组合的方案1、2、3的上溯成功率分别为36.7%、43.3%、73.3%,其中以中央贯通且尾部边壁只设一组隔板的方案3试验鱼上溯成功率最高;在方案3的基础上引入不同直径圆形柱组合形成方案4、5、6,其相应的上溯成功率分别为56.7%、73.3%、90.0%,其中以圆柱直径为池室入口宽度二分之一的方案6上溯成功率最高,可作为推荐方案,同时发现鱼类游动会大致沿主流进行逆流上溯,当水流形态呈现多股主流流径,流速梯度明显,主流流速衰减平缓合理,且水流回流区较少时,有利于提升鱼类的通过性能。研究结果可丰富了道设计理念和方法,为鱼道设计建造提高参考。     

太极式鱼道水力特性试验研究及数值模拟

针对传统鱼道一经建成,其固体边界条件已经固定,池室内水流流速分布变化不大而难以适应多种鱼类通过的缺点,该文研究一种通过太极圆盘和八卦爻条消减水流能量,形成多态流速场以适应多种鱼类洄游的太极式新型鱼道,并对其进行了水力模型试验和数值分析。首先通过模型试验得到了鱼道在不同工况下的流态和沿程水深变化,然后通过数值计算得到了与模型试验相近的结果,并进一步分析了太极式鱼道的表面流速、近底流速及关键横断面流速分布。结果表明:太极式新型鱼道具有显著的消能减速效果,最浅处水深达到无太极圆盘时相应最浅水深的2倍左右,断面平均最大流速为0.95 m/s,相对于无太极圆盘的情况降低50%左右,池室内水流呈现多态化,另外随太极圆盘方位不同流速场亦有明显变化,该种鱼道可为鱼类提供更多适宜的洄游条件。     

萨拉康水电站鱼道设计方案探讨

介绍了湄公河渔业资源概况及其流域下游主要的洄游鱼类,分析了萨拉康水电站阻隔对洄游鱼类造成的影响,确定了上游湄公河洄游系统的主要过鱼对象;根据萨拉康水电站枢纽布置以及所在地的地形地质特征,对可行的鱼道布置方案进行了优选论证,并对右岸方案鱼道进口、鱼道出口、鱼道结构、附属设施等进行了初步设计探讨。     

竖缝式鱼道内齐口裂腹鱼洄游行为模拟

鱼道是帮助洄游鱼类跨越河道内物理障碍的主要过鱼设施之一。针对鱼道结构优化试验耗时长、成本高的问题。该研究在物理试验基础上建立模拟鱼类运动的数值模型,基于竖缝式鱼道内齐口裂腹鱼的行为数据,结合机器学习和欧拉-拉格朗日智能体方法(Eulerian-Lagrangian-agent method,ELAM)建立了鱼类洄游路线预测模型。首先,将齐口裂腹鱼的游泳行为数据划分为3个数据集(顺流而下、侧向运动和逆流而上);然后,根据不同机器学习算法(XGBoost、K-近邻、梯度提升决策树、随机森林)分别构建游泳行为分类模型和游泳速度回归模型,并通过试验结果对比,筛选出最优模型;最后,结合ELAM的框架,构建鱼类洄游数学模型,模拟了齐口裂腹鱼在3种体型的竖缝式鱼道中的洄游路线。结果表明：基于随机森林建立的游泳行为分类模型和游泳速度回归模型预测效果最佳,游泳行为分类精度为0.804,召回率为0.794,F1得分为0.798,3个数据集的游泳速度回归的R²均大于0.75。研究所建立的鱼类洄游数学模型能够较好的预测齐口裂腹鱼的洄游路线,可为相关鱼类保护措施的设计和优化提供参考。